docker - When using Tortoise with Python, a database connection refused error occurred

I have defined several tortoise models, but the tables are not being created in the database.The Tortoise-related code was downloaded from GitHub (production version), so it should be correct. I don't think you need to worry about it.

I'm a beginner—could you please help me identify what might be wrong?

[Environment & Technologies Used]

Docker
Python
Node.js
Vue3
fastapi
tortoise-orm

【source】 ■　docker-compose.yml

services:
  backend:
    ...
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://pName:ppwd@db:5432/dbdev
    volumes:
      - ./backend:/app
    command: uvicorn main:app --reload --host 0.0.0.0 --port 5000
    depends_on:
      - db
  ...
  db:
    image: postgres:15.1
    ports:
      - "5433:5432" 
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=pName
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=ppwd
      - POSTGRES_DB=dbdev

■　TORTOISE_ORM partial code

TORTOISE_ORM = {
    "connections": {"default": os.environ.get("DATABASE_URL")},
    "apps": {
        "models": {
            "models": [
                "database.models", "aerich.models"
            ],
            "default_connection": "default"
        }
    }
}

When checked on the local Windows environment, the connection was successful.

C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\17\bin>psql postgresql://pName:ppwd@localhost:5433/dbdev
psql (17.4、server 15.1 (Debian 15.1-1.pgdg110+1))

dbdev=# \q

■docker backend error log

2025-04-02 09:15:08 INFO:     Will watch for changes in these directories: ['/app']
2025-04-02 09:15:08 INFO:     Uvicorn running on :5000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
2025-04-02 09:15:08 INFO:     Started reloader process [1] using WatchFiles
2025-04-02 09:15:09 INFO:     Started server process [8]
2025-04-02 09:15:09 INFO:     Waiting for application startup.
2025-04-02 09:15:09 2025-04-02 00:15:09 DEBUG Tortoise-ORM startup
2025-04-02 09:15:09     connections: {'default': 'postgres://pName:p***@db:5432/dbdev'}
2025-04-02 09:15:09     apps: {'models': {'models': ['database.models', 'aerich.models'], 'default_connection': 'default'}}
2025-04-02 09:15:09 2025-04-02 00:15:09 DEBUG Creating schema: CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user" (
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "id" SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "username" VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "password" VARCHAR(128),
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "openai_api_key" VARCHAR(128),
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "last_login_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "modified_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
2025-04-02 09:15:09 );
2025-04-02 09:15:09 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "usages" (
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "id" SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "month" VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "successful_amount" BIGINT NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "failure_amount" BIGINT NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "modified_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "user_id" INT NOT NULL REFERENCES "user" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
2025-04-02 09:15:09 );
2025-04-02 09:15:09 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "aerich" (
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "id" SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "version" VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "app" VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "content" JSONB NOT NULL
2025-04-02 09:15:09 );
2025-04-02 09:15:09 ERROR:    Traceback (most recent call last):
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/starlette/routing.py", line 693, in lifespan
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with self.lifespan_context(app) as maybe_state:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 199, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await anext(self.gen)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py", line 133, in merged_lifespan
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with original_context(app) as maybe_original_state:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 199, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await anext(self.gen)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py", line 133, in merged_lifespan
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with original_context(app) as maybe_original_state:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/starlette/routing.py", line 569, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self._router.startup()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/starlette/routing.py", line 670, in startup
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await handler()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/app/database/register.py", line 16, in init_orm
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await Tortoise.generate_schemas()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/__init__.py", line 584, in generate_schemas
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await generate_schema_for_client(connection, safe)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/utils.py", line 43, in generate_schema_for_client
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await generator.generate_from_string(schema)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base/schema_generator.py", line 487, in generate_from_string
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self.client.execute_script(creation_string)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base_postgres/client.py", line 41, in _translate_exceptions
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await self._translate_exceptions(func, *args, **kwargs)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/asyncpg/client.py", line 87, in _translate_exceptions
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await func(self, *args, **kwargs)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base_postgres/client.py", line 157, in execute_script
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with self.acquire_connection() as connection:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base/client.py", line 341, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self.ensure_connection()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base/client.py", line 337, in ensure_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self.client.create_connection(with_db=True)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/asyncpg/client.py", line 59, in create_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     self._pool = await self.create_pool(password=self.password, **self._template)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/asyncpg/client.py", line 70, in create_pool
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await asyncpg.create_pool(None, **kwargs)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 418, in _async__init__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self._initialize()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 445, in _initialize
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await first_ch.connect()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 132, in connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     self._con = await self._pool._get_new_connection()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 517, in _get_new_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     con = await self._connect(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connection.py", line 2421, in connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await connect_utils._connect(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 1075, in _connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     raise last_error or exceptions.TargetServerAttributeNotMatched(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 1049, in _connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     conn = await _connect_addr(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 886, in _connect_addr
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await __connect_addr(params, True, *args)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 931, in __connect_addr
2025-04-02 09:15:09     tr, pr = await connector
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 802, in _create_ssl_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     tr, pr = await loop.create_connection(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "uvloop/loop.pyx", line 2043, in create_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "uvloop/loop.pyx", line 2020, in uvloop.loop.Loop.create_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09 ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused
2025-04-02 09:15:09 
2025-04-02 09:15:09 ERROR:    Application startup failed. Exiting.

I'm a beginner—could you please help me identify what might be wrong?

[Environment & Technologies Used]

Docker
Python
Node.js
Vue3
fastapi
tortoise-orm

【source】 ■　docker-compose.yml

services:
  backend:
    ...
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://pName:ppwd@db:5432/dbdev
    volumes:
      - ./backend:/app
    command: uvicorn main:app --reload --host 0.0.0.0 --port 5000
    depends_on:
      - db
  ...
  db:
    image: postgres:15.1
    ports:
      - "5433:5432" 
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=pName
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=ppwd
      - POSTGRES_DB=dbdev

■　TORTOISE_ORM partial code

TORTOISE_ORM = {
    "connections": {"default": os.environ.get("DATABASE_URL")},
    "apps": {
        "models": {
            "models": [
                "database.models", "aerich.models"
            ],
            "default_connection": "default"
        }
    }
}

When checked on the local Windows environment, the connection was successful.

C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\17\bin>psql postgresql://pName:ppwd@localhost:5433/dbdev
psql (17.4、server 15.1 (Debian 15.1-1.pgdg110+1))

dbdev=# \q

■docker backend error log

2025-04-02 09:15:08 INFO:     Will watch for changes in these directories: ['/app']
2025-04-02 09:15:08 INFO:     Uvicorn running on http://0.0.0.0:5000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
2025-04-02 09:15:08 INFO:     Started reloader process [1] using WatchFiles
2025-04-02 09:15:09 INFO:     Started server process [8]
2025-04-02 09:15:09 INFO:     Waiting for application startup.
2025-04-02 09:15:09 2025-04-02 00:15:09 DEBUG Tortoise-ORM startup
2025-04-02 09:15:09     connections: {'default': 'postgres://pName:p***@db:5432/dbdev'}
2025-04-02 09:15:09     apps: {'models': {'models': ['database.models', 'aerich.models'], 'default_connection': 'default'}}
2025-04-02 09:15:09 2025-04-02 00:15:09 DEBUG Creating schema: CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user" (
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "id" SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "username" VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "password" VARCHAR(128),
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "openai_api_key" VARCHAR(128),
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "last_login_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "modified_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
2025-04-02 09:15:09 );
2025-04-02 09:15:09 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "usages" (
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "id" SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "month" VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "successful_amount" BIGINT NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "failure_amount" BIGINT NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "created_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "modified_at" TIMESTAMPTZ   DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "user_id" INT NOT NULL REFERENCES "user" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
2025-04-02 09:15:09 );
2025-04-02 09:15:09 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "aerich" (
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "id" SERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "version" VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "app" VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
2025-04-02 09:15:09     "content" JSONB NOT NULL
2025-04-02 09:15:09 );
2025-04-02 09:15:09 ERROR:    Traceback (most recent call last):
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/starlette/routing.py", line 693, in lifespan
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with self.lifespan_context(app) as maybe_state:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 199, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await anext(self.gen)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py", line 133, in merged_lifespan
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with original_context(app) as maybe_original_state:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py", line 199, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await anext(self.gen)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py", line 133, in merged_lifespan
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with original_context(app) as maybe_original_state:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/starlette/routing.py", line 569, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self._router.startup()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/starlette/routing.py", line 670, in startup
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await handler()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/app/database/register.py", line 16, in init_orm
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await Tortoise.generate_schemas()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/__init__.py", line 584, in generate_schemas
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await generate_schema_for_client(connection, safe)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/utils.py", line 43, in generate_schema_for_client
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await generator.generate_from_string(schema)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base/schema_generator.py", line 487, in generate_from_string
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self.client.execute_script(creation_string)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base_postgres/client.py", line 41, in _translate_exceptions
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await self._translate_exceptions(func, *args, **kwargs)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/asyncpg/client.py", line 87, in _translate_exceptions
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await func(self, *args, **kwargs)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base_postgres/client.py", line 157, in execute_script
2025-04-02 09:15:09     async with self.acquire_connection() as connection:
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base/client.py", line 341, in __aenter__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self.ensure_connection()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/base/client.py", line 337, in ensure_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self.client.create_connection(with_db=True)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/asyncpg/client.py", line 59, in create_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     self._pool = await self.create_pool(password=self.password, **self._template)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/tortoise/backends/asyncpg/client.py", line 70, in create_pool
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await asyncpg.create_pool(None, **kwargs)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 418, in _async__init__
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await self._initialize()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 445, in _initialize
2025-04-02 09:15:09     await first_ch.connect()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 132, in connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     self._con = await self._pool._get_new_connection()
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/pool.py", line 517, in _get_new_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     con = await self._connect(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connection.py", line 2421, in connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await connect_utils._connect(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 1075, in _connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     raise last_error or exceptions.TargetServerAttributeNotMatched(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 1049, in _connect
2025-04-02 09:15:09     conn = await _connect_addr(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 886, in _connect_addr
2025-04-02 09:15:09     return await __connect_addr(params, True, *args)
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 931, in __connect_addr
2025-04-02 09:15:09     tr, pr = await connector
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/asyncpg/connect_utils.py", line 802, in _create_ssl_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09     tr, pr = await loop.create_connection(
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "uvloop/loop.pyx", line 2043, in create_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09   File "uvloop/loop.pyx", line 2020, in uvloop.loop.Loop.create_connection
2025-04-02 09:15:09 ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 111] Connection refused
2025-04-02 09:15:09 
2025-04-02 09:15:09 ERROR:    Application startup failed. Exiting.

Share Improve this question edited 3 hours ago Phil 165k25 gold badges262 silver badges267 bronze badges asked 3 hours ago daofu hu 11 bronze badge New contributor daofu hu is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering. Check out our Code of Conduct.

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1 Answer 1

Sorted by: Reset to default -3

The connection refused error is likely happening because the database container isn't ready when the backend service tries to connect. I can tell you about Python, and add a connection retry mechanism in your Python code.

First, let's add the health check for the database

services:
  db:
    image: postgres:15.1
    ports:
      - "5433:5432"
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=pName
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=ppwd
      - POSTGRES_DB=dbdev
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U pName -d dbdev"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5

  backend:
    # ... other config ...
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy  # Wait for db to be healthy

Second, let's add the retry mechanism

import asyncio
from tortoise import Tortoise

async def init_db(retries=5, delay=5):
    for attempt in range(retries):
        try:
            await Tortoise.init(config=TORTOISE_ORM)
            await Tortoise.generate_schemas()
            print("Database connection successful")
            return
        except ConnectionRefusedError:
            if attempt == retries - 1:
                raise
            print(f"Database connection attempt {attempt + 1} failed, retrying in {delay} seconds...")
            await asyncio.sleep(delay)

# Use this in your FastAPI startup:
@app.on_event("startup")
async def startup_event():
    await init_db()

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docker - When using Tortoise with Python, a database connection refused error occurred - Stack Overflow

1 Answer 1

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